![]() Low thyroid hormone levels also increase protein levels in spinal fluid, suggesting they may damage the blood-brain barrier. In a small trial on 19 people with hypothyroidism, over 50% had delayed brain signal transmission. ![]() This would lead to lower acetylcholine levels. It blocks a key enzyme to this process (Na-K-ATPase) and activates acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Hypothyroidism may also reduce brain signal transmission. This may result in reduced production and usage of the energy molecule ATP. Low thyroid hormones also reduce oxygen supply (through a reduced blood flow) and sugar breakdown in regions controlling memory and attention (hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex). Hypothyroidism prevents the birth and branching of brain cells, and their ability to form and strengthen connections. ![]() The main effect of low thyroid hormone and high TSH levels on the brain is a size reduction in the region that controls memory and learning (hippocampus). Resistance to thyroid hormone: high thyroid hormones and TSH.Sick euthyroid syndrome: low thyroid hormones and normal to low TSH.Subclinical hypothyroidism: normal thyroid hormones and high TSH.Overt hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormones and high TSH.These defects can be due to :Īdditionally, hypothyroidism can be classified based on the blood levels of the main hormones : Hypothyroidism can be caused by defects in the thyroid gland (primary hypothyroidism) or the hypothalamus or pituitary gland (secondary hypothyroidism). Hypothyroidism is a deficiency in thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland. TRH and TSH stimulate the release of T3 and T4, which in turn suppress TRH and TSH. The thyroid is a gland at the base of the neck, near the Adam’s apple, that produces T3 and T4 hormones. This mechanism fine-tunes T3 and T4 production and maintains their levels within normal values. High levels of thyroid hormones block TRH and TSH production. T4 is then broken down to its more active form T3 by a group of enzymes called deiodinases and mainly found in the liver and kidneys. The thyroid gland produces T4 from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. TSH, in turn, stimulates T3 and T4 production in the thyroid gland. The hypothalamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which activates the pituitary to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The production of these hormones is regulated by a system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid gland – the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. It produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control the growth, development, and metabolism of nearly every cell in the body. The thyroid is a gland located at the base of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. How Hypothyroidism Affects the Brain The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis Read on to learn more about the best foods, supplements, and lifestyle strategies to beat hypothyroidism-linked “brain fog.” Hypothyroidism is a hormone imbalance that may come along with a group of symptoms that can affect your cognition, mood, and energy. A plus sign next to the number “” means that the information is found within the full scientific study rather than the abstract. Note that each number in parentheses is a clickable link to peer-reviewed scientific studies. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at. Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. They are continually monitored by our internal peer-review process and if we see anyone making material science errors, we don't let them write for us again. Our science team must pass long technical science tests, difficult logical reasoning and reading comprehension tests. Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. ![]() Our team comprises of trained MDs, PhDs, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and certified health and wellness specialists.Īll of our content is written by scientists and people with a strong science background. We are dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and comprehensive information on any given topic. We believe that the most accurate information is found directly in the scientific source. SelfHacked has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed. ![]()
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